INTRODUCTION

Surgical closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in low weight infants is technically challenging and associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality^[1,2]. Percutaneous device closure is not feasible in these patients, due to technical limitations and high rate of complications. Therefore, hybrid procedure with perventricular device closure is an effective and safe alternative management strategy^[3]. Hybrid approach is beneficial in avoiding CPB, radiation and complications of vascular access. In addition, there is less need for homologous blood transfusion, 'fast-tracking' - early extubation, mobilization, and hospital discharge^[4,5]. Perventricular device closure of VSD using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance on beating euvolemic heart in operating room is a hybrid procedure which offers similar advantages of avoiding ventricular incisions, division of right ventricle (RV) muscle bundles especially moderator band, and immediate confirmation of adequate closure as conventional technique. This technique is safe, particularly in low weight babies, who are high-risk candidates for the procedure in catheterization laboratory^[2,6-8].

Perventricular technique, thus, significantly reduces the operative trauma to the patient. However, it is unable to prevent physical and psychological trauma associated with long skin incision and midline sternotomy. Moreover, the use of this technique in case of associated malnutrition, failure to thrive and congestive cardiac failure; a high risk of developing wound infection, mediastinitis, sternal dehiscence, and carinatum deformity can be observed^[4].

At our institute, perventricular device closure of VSD using mini-invasive transverse split sternotomy was performed. If patient required surgical closure of VSD, CPB was instituted through cervical cannulation.

METHODS

This study was carried out between January 2013 to December 2015. Infants with single or predominant, moderate to large muscular or perimembranous VSD with left to right shunt were included in the study. Inclusion criteria's were persistent congestive heart failure despite optimal medical therapy and body weight <10 kg. Patients with any major debilitating illness or additional multiple apical VSDs, who may have required concomitant pulmonary artery banding and patients with associated other cardiac lesions except patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) which required concomitant surgical repair on CPB were excluded. The study was approved by our Institutional Ethics Committee. Parents or guardian were explained in detail about the procedure and informed consent was obtained.

In all the patients, preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed under sedation to confirm the diagnosis, to assess the size, site and number of VSDs, pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), ventricular function, suitability of VSD for device closure and to rule out other cardiac lesions.

Perventricular Device Closure of VSD

Access and Surgical Procedure (Figure 1)

Fig. 1 - Operative photograph showing proposed incision (A) and transverse sternotomy (B). C - Showing sheath punctured through RV free wall. D - Showing echocardiographic image of VSD device in-situ.

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Fig. 1 - Operative photograph showing proposed incision (A) and transverse sternotomy (B). C - Showing sheath punctured through RV free wall. D - Showing echocardiographic image of VSD device in-situ.

Patients were positioned in supine position with bolster under the scapula, head rest under the head with head turned to the left. Right femoral vein catheterized for central venous access. Draping was done to keep the base of neck, whole of the chest laterally up to posterior axillary line on right side and nipple on the left side exposed (Figure 1A). A transverse skin incision was performed in the 4^th intercostal space over the whole width of the sternum and incision deepened to periosteal level. Transverse sternotomy was performed at the same level sparing both internal mammary arteries. Sternotomy was performed at an angle of 45° for better osteo-synthesis and reduced sternal mobility (Figure 1B). Sternal ends were retracted with a small retractor. Thymic gland was divided. Pericardium was opened vertically and pericardial stays were placed.

Under continuous TEE guidance, optimal site for right ventricular puncture was chosen by gentle indentation of RV free wall using finger or forceps-held cotton gauze. Puncture site was considered optimal, if it was away from the papillary muscle and remained at an adequate distance from the septum so as to allow perpendicular access to VSD. A purse string suture was placed on RV free wall at proposed site of puncture with pledgeted 5-0 polypropylene suture. Systemic heparinization was performed with 100 U/kg of unfractionated heparin. A 20G arterial cannula with stylet was introduced into RV, perpendicular to the VSD and stylet was removed. A 0.025-inch straight-tipped guide wire (Terumo Corporation: Tokyo, Japan) was introduced through the cannula and maneuvered across the VSD into the LV (Figure 1C). The cannula was exchanged with gradually enlarging sheath from 5F to finally 8 or 10F (Cordis Corporation; Miami, FL, USA) over 0.038 inch angled guide wire (Cordis Corporation; Miami, FL, USA). Sheath was positioned across VSD with its tip in left ventricular (LV) cavity. Device was advanced into the sheath and deployed under continuous TEE guidance. Imaging in multiple planes was undertaken to confirm appropriate device placement and assess residual shunt (Figure 1D). In addition, any new tricuspid, mitral or aortic valvular obstruction or regurgitation was also looked for. The wires and sheath were removed and the purse string was tied.

Selection of VSD Closure Device

Size of VSD was measured by TEE in 4-chamber and long axis views. The greatest of the two values was considered for device selection. VSD occluder device (muscular or perimembranous: mplatz, AGA Medical Corporation, USA; Cardi-O-Fix, Starway Medical Technologies, Inc., Spain) or Duct occluder device (Amplatz, AGA Medical Corporation, Plymouth, MN, USA) 1-2 mm larger than size of VSD was selected. Routinely, muscular VSD device was selected for closure of VSD. Perimembranous VSD device was selected for VSDs in perimembranous location with <5mm muscular margin for device deployment. Duct occluder device was selected for mid-muscular or apical muscular VSDs where it deemed difficult to properly deploy right side of disc due to presence of ventricular trabeculations.

Additional Procedure

In patient with associated PDA, anterior approach through the same incision with a metal clip before deployment of VSD device was used for surgical closure.

Surgical closure of VSD on CPB Through Cervical Cannulation

A transverse cervical incision 1.5-2 cm in length was performed at one finger's breadth above clavicle between two heads of sternocleidomastoid muscles. Common carotid artery (CCA) and internal jugular vein (IJV) were looped. After heparinisation (400 U/kg), 5 mm polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) graft was anastomosed to common carotid artery. The graft was cannulated with aortic cannula and connected to arterial line. IJV was clamped cranially and opened transversely. Straight venous cannula was inserted and advanced into the right atrium and connected to venous line.

Conduct of CPB (Figure 2)

Fig. 2 - Operative photograph of surgical closure of VSD on CPB with cervical cannulation.

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Fig. 2 - Operative photograph of surgical closure of VSD on CPB with cervical cannulation.

After achieving adequate activated clotting time (ACT), CPB was initiated. Carbon dioxide was continuously insufflated into the operative field throughout the procedure. Inferior vena cava (IVC) was dissected, looped and cannulated with angled venous cannula that was advanced into the pericardial cavity through a stab incision in subxiphoid area. IVC was snugged. Mild hypothermia (30-32°C) was established. De Bakey atraumatic coarctation clamp was applied through a stab incision in the right 2^nd intercostal space in mid-axillary line. Del Nido cardioplegia was delivered into the aortic root. IJV cannula was pulled back into superior vena cava (SVC) and SVC was snugged. Right atrium (RA) was opened and a vent was inserted into the left atrium through patent foramen ovale.

Surgical Repair

Repair was performed with midline sternotomy approach except that leaflet of tricuspid valve was detached from annulus to expose the borders of VSD. At the end of VSD closure, RA was repaired and SVC and IVC snuggers were removed. Ventricular pacing wire was placed. De-airing was performed and under low flows, aortic cross clamp was removed and IJV cannula was advanced into RA. Time was allowed for the heart to recover the sinus rhythm with good contractility of the ventricles. After re-warming of the patient, IVC cannula was removed and IVC repaired. After confirming adequate de-airing on TEE, cardioplegia puncture site was repaired. Finally, CPB was terminated in usual fashion.

At the end of the procedure, IJV cannula was removed and IJV was repaired with interrupted 6-0 prolene sutures. Heparin was reversed with protamine. PTFE graft was severed near anastomosis with CCA and over sewn to prevent any residual stump. CCA pulsation was confirmed and wound closed.

RESULTS

Table 1 summarizes the demographic profile of the patients.

Table 1 - Demographic data.

From January 2013 to December 2015, 36 (20 males) symptomatic low weight infants and children with moderate to large muscular or perimembranous VSD on TTE were found suitable for perventricular device closure. Mean age was 7.14±3.24 months and mean weight was 5±0.88 kg. Preoperative saturation on room air was 94.94±2.66%. All patients had persistent clinical signs of congestive cardiac failure despite adequate medical management.

Preoperative TEE and Location of VSD (Figure 3, Table 1)

Fig. 3 - Classification of VSDs: perimembranous and muscular; muscular subdivided into anterior, mid-muscular, posterior and apical. Anterior-anterior to septal band, Mid-muscular-posterior to septal band, Apical-inferior to moderator band, posterior-beneath tricuspid septal leaflet.

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Fig. 3 - Classification of VSDs: perimembranous and muscular; muscular subdivided into anterior, mid-muscular, posterior and apical. Anterior-anterior to septal band, Mid-muscular-posterior to septal band, Apical-inferior to moderator band, posterior-beneath tricuspid septal leaflet.

Location of VSD was mid-muscular in 23, perimembranous in eight, anterior muscular in three, and posterior muscular in two patients. Mean VSD size was 8.27±1.64 mm in its longest dimension. Additional defects were patent foramen ovale in four patients, small apical muscular VSD in four and PDA in five patients. All except one patient had severe PAH and estimated PA pressures were 83.63±14.73 mmHg. Three patients had severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Two patients had mild LV dysfunction.

Surgical Echocardiographic Outcomes (Table 2)

Table 2 - Intraoperative, postoperative and follow-up data.

Surgery	36
Additional Procedure
PDA Ligation	5
Duration of Surgery (minutes) (range)	46.66±13.03 (25-85)
Duration of Procedure (minutes) (range)	130.27±25.93 (100-215)
VSD Size (mm) (range)	8.27±1.64 (5-12)
VSD Device Size (mm) (range)	10.91±2.87 (7-16)
Device
Muscular	24 (66.6%)
Perimembranous	9 (25%)
PDA	2 (5.5%)
Guide wire not Passed	1 (2.7%)
Postoperative Echocardiogram
Severe TR	1 (2.7%)
Procedure Success	35 (97.2%)
Surgical Closure	1 (2.7%)
Post RVSP (mmHg) (range)	42.08±12.31 (30-77)
Residual Defect	0
Inotropic Score (range)	3.08±3.38 (0-15)
Ventilation Stay (hrs) (range)	11.83±3.63 (5-20)
ICU Stay (days) (range)	1.88±0.74 (1-3)
Hospital Stay (days) (range)	6.58±1.38 (4-9)
Postoperative Complications
Wound Infection	0
Sternal Dehiscence	0
Temporary Heart Block	2
Permanent Heart Block	0
Mortality	1
Duration of Follow-up (months) (range)	23.30±18.45 (7-42)
Follow-up Echocardiogram	0
Residual VSD	0
Severe TR	0

PDA=patent ductus arteriosus; VSD=ventricular septal defect; BSA=body surface area; RVSP=right ventricular septal defect; ICU=intensive care unit; TR=tricuspid regurgitation

Table 2 - Intraoperative, postoperative and follow-up data.

Perventricular device closure of VSD was accomplished successfully in 35 patients. Mean procedure time excluding surgical preparation time was 46.66±13.03 minutes. Devices used for VSD closure were muscular in 24 patient, perimembranous in nine patients, and PDA in two patients. Mean VSD occluder device size was 10.91±2.87 mm. Immediately after VSD device closure, 32 patients had no residual shunt; while trivial shunt was detected in three patients. In five patients, additional PDA ligation was accomplished. Estimated mean PA pressure decreased to 42.08±12.31 mmHg (range 30-77 mmHg) on TTE, postoperatively.

Hospital Length of Stay (Table 2)

Mean duration of ventilation was 11.83±3.63 hours (range 5-20 hours) and mean duration of ICU stay was 1.88±0.74 days (range 1-3 days). Mean inotropic score was 3.08±3.38. Three patients had trivial flow across VSD device. TTE at time of discharge showed severe TR in one patient while LV function was normal in all the patients. All the patients were discharged in stable condition from the hospital and mean duration of hospital stay was 6.58±1.38 days. No patient had any sternal wound related complication (Table 2). Wound closure and final cosmetic result are shown in Figure 4.

Fig. 4 - Photograph of final sternal wound closure (A) and healed scar cervical and sternal (B).

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Fig. 4 - Photograph of final sternal wound closure (A) and healed scar cervical and sternal (B).

DISCUSSION

Transverse split sternotomy is cosmetically aesthetic, as the incision is small, more obscure, along the Langer's lines and easily hidden especially in females. Also, sternal stability is maintained as sternum is split transversely. It avoids the risk of damage to the mammary gland, pectoral muscle mal-development and scoliosis. Moreover, there is less postoperative pain and bilateral pleural barriers are intact. Thus, it does not compromise spontaneous ventilation. Cervical cannulation for CPB moves almost whole of the hardware away from the operative field. This incision provides equally good exposure of RA, RV, pulmonary arteries and aorta. Therefore, any site of RV free wall puncture can be selected as per the site of VSD. Along with this, PDA can be ligated if required. PA banding can also be easily performed through this approach. However, the need for PA banding as a contraindication for this approach as the patient will require surgical removal of PA band and PA plasty in the future. This will need midline sternotomy and the resulting scar will be cosmetically worse.

For both percutaneous and perventricular device closure of VSD, lower body weight (<5.2 kg) has been found to be the strongest risk factor for procedure failure, device-related complications, and hospital mortality^[9-11]. Patients in our study were substantially at high risk by virtue of their age, weight, and nutritional status as they were relatively younger (mean age: 7.14±3.24 months), had lower body weight (mean weight: 5±0.88 kg) and poor nutritional status [protein energy malnutrition (PEM) grade III-IV in 85%]. We had 97.2% procedure success with 2.8% incidence of conversion to surgical closure. No in-hospital mortality was observed, however, 30-day mortality was 2.8%. The smallest patient who had successful procedure in our series was 2.5 kg. Our results show that perventricular VSD closure in any location amenable to device can be safely performed using transverse split sternotomy even in high risk patients with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Moreover, in case of procedure failure or any complication; surgical closure of VSD can be performed through the same incision with cervical cannulation without compromising the exposure.

Dreaded complications reported after perventricular device closure of VSD are device embolization^[12-14], cardiac perforation, and rarely intra-operative death^[4]. Other complications are blood loss requiring blood transfusion, hematoma, CHB, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, hypotension, injury of the aortic valve, stroke, and device-related hemolysis^[14-18]. In our series, we did not encounter any of these complications except two patients who developed transient prolongation of PR interval after device closure of perimembranous VSD that recovered spontaneously. Early or late conduction blocks after device closure are more frequent in patients with <10 kg weight and who have higher device: defect ratio^[19,20]. We believe that heart blocks can be avoided by careful patient selection, avoiding inlet type of defects and avoiding over sizing the device. Similarly, sustained ventricular arrhythmia or mechanical LV complications can be prevented by gradual up- gradation of sheath size rather than direct insertion of a large sheath into the RV free wall^[2]. Only one death was observed in our series, an infant who died one day after hospital discharge probably due to ventricular arrhythmia.

Other complications associated with perventricular device closure include LV pseudoaneurysm^[13], unexpanded RV disc protruding into pericardium^[5,18], incomplete RV disc expansion with screw or disc protruding into the pericardium^[5,21-23]. None of these complications was found in our series.

CONCLUSION

Our promising results suggest that perventricular device closure of VSD using mini-invasive transverse split sternotomy in selected high-risk infants is a safe and effective alternative strategy to the conventional perventricular or surgical closure especially in low weight infants.