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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Depression after CABG: a prospective study

Joana Kátya Veras Rodrigues Sampaio NunesI; José Albuquerque de Figueiredo NetoII; Rosângela Maria Lopes de SousaI; Vera Lívia Xavier de Castro CostaIII; Flor de Maria Araújo Mendonça SilvaI; Ana Flávia Lima Teles da HoraIV; Edna Lúcia Coutinho da SilvaI; Lívia Mariane Castelo Branco ReisI

DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20130080

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

BDI: Beck Depression Inventory

CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting

CAD: Coronary artery disease

CVD: Cardiovascular disease

MR: Myocardial revascularization

QOL: Quality of life

WHO: World Health Organization

INTRODUCTION

The WHO [1] cites cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression as the most two debilitating and costly conditions in the health context, and these chronic diseases are among the diseases of greatest impact on quality of life (QOL) of the individual. The projections for 2020 remain CVD as the leading cause of death and disability, and currently developing regions contribute most strongly to the burden of these diseases than developed regions [2]. In Brazil, it is estimated that CVD accounts for over 30% of deaths from the 20 years-old subjects [3,4].

It is well known the association between depression and CVD. Furthermore, it has been given its impact on outcome of patients hospitalized for acute coronary disease, as well as pre- and postoperative of myocardial revascularization (MR) [5].

The presence of depressive symptoms during or shortly after hospitalization increases by two to three times the risk of mortality or nonfatal cardiac events, significantly increasing the morbidity and mortality of these patients [6-11].

As one of the treatments of CVD, CABG surgery is indicated for patients with angina not controlled with medical therapy and for patients with high-grade obstruction of major arteries, meaning the risk of life [12]. About 60% of CVD patients with multivascular indication for surgery may technically be treated by RM [13]. MRI aims to improve the quality of life of patients, relieving symptoms of angina, restoring physical capacity, and increasing their survival [14].

Thus, CABG surgery is an effective intervention for the treatment of symptoms of CVD, prevention of myocardial infarction and reduction of mortality. Furthermore, several studies have shown improvement in both the physical and mental aspect, as well as the overall health status of patients undergoing this intervention providing them best prognosis [15-19].

Due to the importance of coronary artery disease and depression as a public health problem as well as the paucity of information on the topic in our region, this study assessed the impact of coronary artery bypass grafting on quality of life, as well as the prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with Coronary Artery Disease, at the President Dutra University Hospital (HUUFMA), a reference hospital of the state of Maranhão, in the city of São Luís, aiming at filling this knowledge gap.

 

METHODS

It was a prospective analytical cohort study, developed at the Presidente Dutra University Hospital in São Luís, Maranhão.

The study included patients between 39 and 80 years of age, of both genders, with CVD referred for isolated CABG surgery who agreed to participate by signing the written informed consent form. Patients with depression under antidepressant use during psychotherapy or other psychiatric disorders that impede comprehension and communication during the interview were not included. There are also not included patients with unstable angina that required emergency surgery, those with compromised ventricular function and those who refused to sign the consent form.

We consecutively assessed 57 patients between June 2010 and June 2011 who underwent isolated CABG surgery. Two patients progressed to death after three months of RM, and were excluded from the analysis.

The information was obtained through individual interviews performed preoperatively and by telephone after discharge with six months of MRI follow-up.

The instruments used in the research were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were collected during visits on weekdays and times (morning, afternoon and evening).

The first stage, in preoperative, was composed of an interview to assess the clinical and socio-demographic profile, followed by the application of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In the second stage of postoperative, at the sixth month, BDI was applied by telephone.

A unique score for each question on the SF-36 was used to evaluate the results, which were transformed into a scale from zero to one hundred, whose low numerical score (less than 50) reflected poor health perception, while a high numerical score (greater than or equal to 50) showed a good awareness of preserved health [20].

For the assessment of depressive symptoms the nosologic criteria used for the Portuguese version were those from the ICD-10 [21] and diagnosis by [21] DSM-IV. In the 1993 edition, different cut-off points have been suggested to assess the intensity of depressive symptoms in depressed psychiatric diagnoses: 09 degree minimum; 10-16, mild; 17-29, moderate; 30-63, severe [21].

The variables: gender, age in years, self-reported color (white, brown and black), marital status (single, married, stable, separated and widowed), education (illiterate, literate, elementary school, middle school, and higher family income, considered the current minimum wage of R$ 545,00 according to the Ministry of Labour and Employment [22].

It was also investigated the self-reported current or previous practice of smoking and drinking.

For preparation of the database we used Office Excel 2010. Data were expressed as frequencies (absolute and relative) for categorical variables and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables.

To compare the BDI score before and after, with the population being its own control, we applied the Wilcoxon test for paired samples. To verify the association from the frequency distribution of the categories of BDI score in relation to sociodemographic variables and lifestyle, we applied the ChiSquare test. To verify the relationship between the average of SF-36 compared to the BDI score, ANOVA test was used for parametric variables and Kruskal Wallis test for nonparametric variables, and later was applied post hoc Bonferroni.

Variables were diagnosed as normal by the Shapiro Wilk test. We used Stata® statistical software (version 12). For the interpretation of the statistical results in all tables and tests the level of significance was alpha lower than 0.05.

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, in the session of the day 19/02/2010 (No. 005 311/20090), meeting the fundamental and complementary requirements of Resolution 196/96 according the National Council of Health/MH under Opinion No. 112/09 and the CEP Registration No. 237/09.

 

RESULTS

This study included the evaluation of 57 patients, of which 22 assessed (38.60%) were aged 60-69 years. There was a predominance of men in the sample, 39 (68.42%), individuals who declared themselves browns, 26 (45.61%), literate, 16 (28.07%) married, 30 (52.63%) and monthly income less than minimum wage, 31 (54.39%) (Table 1).

 

 

By analyzing the distribution of the BDI in zero-six times (Table 2), it was noted increased six months after revascularization in the frequency of individuals with mild depressive symptoms (score 10 - 16), 15 (26.32%) at time 0 to 17 (29.82%) and moderate depressive symptoms (score 17 to 29), seven (12.28%) before and 10 (17.54%) after. In the categories of individuals with minimal depressive symptoms (score 0 - 9) and severe (score 30-63) there was reduction, 32 (56 14%) to 28 (49 12%) and three (5.26%) to two (3.51%), respectively (Table 2). Were not found for these associations statistically significant differences (P>0.05).

 

 

We noted in Table 3 the association between symptoms of depression, gender, age, quality of life, lifestyle and comorbidities. With regard to gender we could verify that women prevailed with a minimal degree of the BDI, 15 (53.57%) and men prevailed in the mild and moderate, 15 (88.24%) and 10 100.00%), respectively. With respect to severe, there was one individual (50.00%) for each gender (P=0.003).

 

 

The age group 64 - 74 years is more common in minimal BDI degrees, 11 (39.29%), mild, 7 (41.18%) and moderate, 4 (40.00%). For ages ranging from 42 to 52 years old versus 53 to 63 years old prevailed with severe grade one (50.00%) each (P=0.958).

Smokers accounted for 12 (42.86%), 13 (76.47%), nine (90.00%) and one (50.00%), respectively of minimum degree, mild, moderate and severe BDI (P=0.026). Drinkers accounted for 13 (46.43%), 12 (70.59%), four (40.00%) and one (50.00%) respectively of the score ranges of minimal, mild, moderate and severe BDI (P=0.026).

Among hypertensive we noted that 23 (81.14%), 11 (64.71%), nine (90.00%) and two (100.00%) comprised, respectively, the minimum degree, mild, moderate and severe depressive symptoms. As diabetics accounted for 12 (42.86%) minimum degree, 8 (47.06%) mild, 5 (50.00%) moderate and 2 (100.00%) severe (P=0.479).

In the analysis of the association between the BDI and the quality of life (QOL), it was noted that the score for functional capacity ranged from 7.50±10.60 to 71,78±26,43, with statistical significance between categories of symptoms depression: minimal, moderate and severe (P=0.0001). The physical domain of the SF-36 showed variation of 7.35 ± 24.62 to 24.10 ± 39.95 (P=0.3327), being the minimum degree of depressive symptoms in the category with the lowest score. The pain domain ranged from 42.75±23.78 to 67.64±26.41 in the association between categories of symptoms of minimal and moderate depression (P=0.0258).

On health aspect there was variation of 32.50±10.60 to 64.28±19.17 (P=0.0315). The vitality ranged from 27.50±3,53 to 71.14 ± 17.63 with all tracks association between symptoms of depression. The social domain was 25.00 ± 35.35 to 82.50 ± 19.44, with an association between depressive symptoms of minimum, moderate and severe degrees (P=0.0004). The emotional field of the SF-36 ranged from 16.66±32.39 to 64.58±43.48. But the mental aspect ranged from 32.00±0.00 to 67.85±19.61 (P=0.0131).

 

DISCUSSION

The data in Table 1 reveal similarities with the previously available in the literature for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, where there is a higher prevalence of males, older and under education and underprivileged [23,24]. However, there was disagreement as to the prevalence of brown found in this study, other author [24] reports higher frequencies of caucasians. This last finding should be considered carefully, since Brazil is the country of extreme racial diversity, since each region may be influenced by a colonizing population.

In studies [23] involving depression before and after myocardial revascularization, it was noted outcomes similar to those found in this study, as described in Table 2. The survey showed a reduction in the frequency of individuals with BDI scores representative of minimal symptoms of depression (score 0 - 9) and an increase in the frequencies of any categories of depressive symptoms than or equal to mild (score greater than or equal to 10), 46 (79.30%) vs. 42 (76.40%) and 12 (20.70%) vs. 13 (23.60%), respectively. Moreover, research performed in Cuiabá (MT), Brazil, comparing the quality of life of men and women after coronary artery bypass grafting, noted significant reductions in BDI scores after 180 days of the event, without, however, find statistical significance.

In the association between coronary artery disease (CAD) and depression has been reported as high prevalence (14.00 to 60.00%) [25].

In a study [23] involving depression as a risk factor for early and late morbidity after revascularization, it was verified preoperatively higher frequency of depressive symptoms (20.70%). In hospital discharge this frequency still increased (23.60%) and three months after discharge the level of depression symptoms reduced to 9.8%.

Study [24] also reported lower levels of depressive symptoms in women compared to men after revascularization, as described in Table 3. In another study it was noted [26] higher prevalence of men with BDI scores greater than or equal to 10 (symptoms of mild depression to severe).

The use of tobacco differs in other studies [23], and it was found a high prevalence of smokers, 22 (20.00%) in other [27] study was found a largest number of smokers with some level of depressive symptoms (BDI score > 10).

The number of diabetic patients in this study was different from those in research [23] with an objective similar to ours, where 19 (32.80%) had comorbidity. Diabetes research in São Paulo (Brazil), showed discrete frequency (less than 11.00%) among individuals with depressive symptoms, and hypertension has reached approximately 50.00% between them.

In study [26] performed in the state of São Paulo, Brazil between 2006 and 2008, it was noted an inverse association between depression score and domains: functional, physical, pain, health, vitality, social, emotional and mental health of a score of quality of life after CABG, differing from the findings reported in Table 4. The data refer that after revascularization quality of life tends to be improved and thus depression there seems to be less significant.

 

 

Thus, the quality of life in health practices reveals the need to insert new concepts in relation to the illness and treatment, showing that the impact of new treatments and health care should be assessed in the field of influence on the quality of life among the chronic diseases [27].

Thus, we note that the presence of symptoms of depression has been linked as a worsening factor on the quality of life of these patients; initially the best quality of life is suggested as a strong influence for a lower frequency of depression in this postoperative group [28].

 

CONCLUSION

We observed a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among those assessed.

There was a reduction in the prevalence rates of depression symptoms after six months of myocardial revascularization without, however, any statistically significant association.

Men seem to have the worst scores of depression (BDI) and there was an association between the improvement of quality of life scores and depressive symptoms.

Thus, future studies are needed with longer follow-up after the surgical event. Being relevant reflection on the improvement in quality of life of patients, considering the aspects of clinical variability, comorbidities, and the physical and emotional aspects, seeking to know the patient's perception about interventions, designed as effective and definitive.

 

REFERENCES

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global burden of coronary heart disease. In: Mackay J, Mensah G, eds. Atlas of heart disease and stroke. Geneve: WHO; 2004.

2. Ramires JAF, Chagas ACP. Panorama das doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil. In: Nobre F, Serrano CV, eds. Tratado de cardiologia SOCESP. São Paulo: Manole; 2005. p.7-46.

3. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. DATASUS [Acesso em: 12 jun. 2009]. Disponível em: http://www.datasus.gov.br/datasus/datasus.php

4. Jardim TS, Jardim PC, Araújo WE, Jardim LM, Salgado CM. Fatores de risco cardiovascular em coorte de profissionais da área médica: 15 anos de evolução. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(3):332-8.

5. Alves TCTF, Fraguas R, Wajngarten M. Depressão e infarto agudo do miocárdio. Rev Psiquiatr Clin. 2009;36(Suppl 3):88-92.

6. Blumenthal JA, Lett HS, Babyak MA, White W, Smith PK, Mark DB, et al; NORG Investigators. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet. 2003;362(9384):604-9.

7. Christmann M, Costa CC, Moussalle LD. Avaliação da qualidade de vida de vida de pacientes cardiopatas internados em hospital público. Rev AMRIGS. 2011;55(3):239-43.

8. Fleck MP. Avaliação de qualidade de vida. In: Fráguas Júnior R, Figueiró JAB, eds. Depressões em medicina interna e em outras condições médicas: depressões secundárias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2001. p.33-43.

9. Horsten M, Mittleman MA, Wamala SP, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Orth-Gomér K. Depressive symptoms and lack of social integration in relation to prognosis of CHD in middle-aged women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(13):1072-80.

10. Lespérance F, Freasure-Smith N. Depression in patients with cardiac disease: a practical review. J Psychosom. 2000;48(4-5):379-91.

11. Perez GH, Nicolau JC, Romano BW, Laranjeira R. Depressão e síndromes isquêmicas miocárdicas instáveis: diferenças entre homens e mulheres. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;85(5):319-22.

12. Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Gaiotto FA, Guimarães-Fernandes F. Estado atual da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Rev Med. 2008;87(2):92-8.

13. Moreira AELC, Hueb WA, Soares PR, Meneghetti JC, Jorge MCP, Chalela WA, et al. Estudo comparativo entre os efeitos terapêuticos da revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio e angioplastia coronária em situações isquêmicas equivalentes: análise através da cintilografia do miocárdio com 99mTc-Sestamibi. Arq Bras Card. 2005;85(2):92-9.

14. Souza DSR, Gomes WJ. O futuro da veia safena como conduto na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(3):III-VII.

15. Nogueira CRSR. Avaliação comparativa da qualidade de vida em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com e sem circulação extracorpórea no período de 12 meses [Tese de Doutorado]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina; 2008.

16. Nogueira IDB, Servantes DM, Nogueira PAMS, Pelcerman A, Salvetti XM, Salles F, et al. Correlação entre qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional na insuficiência cardíaca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(2):238-43.

17. Seidl EMF, Zannon CML. Qualidade de vida e saúde: aspectos conceituais e metodológicos. Cad Saúde Pública. 2004;20(2):580-8.

18. Takiuti ME, Hueb W, Hiscock SB, Nogueira CRSR, Girardi P, Fernandes F, et al. Qualidade de vida após revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio, angioplastia ou tratamento clínico. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(5):537-44.

19. Wong MS, Chair SY. Changes in health-related quality of life following percutaneous coronary intervention: a longitudinal study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(8):1334-42.

20. Carneiro AF, Mathias LAST, Rassi Júnior A, Morais NS, Gozzani JL. Avaliação da ansiedade e depressão no pré-operatório em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardíacos invasivos. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009;59(4):431-8.

21. Cunha JA. Manual da versão em português das escalas Beck. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo; 2001.

22. Brasil. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Salário mínimo. 2010 [Acesso em: 20 maio 2010]. Disponível em: http://www.portal.mte.gov.br/sal_min

23. Pinton FA, Carvalho CF, Miyazaki MCOS, Godoy MF. Depressão como fator de risco de morbidade imediata e tardia pós-revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2006;21(1):68-74.

24. Guedes AMA, Nascimento FT, Nasrala Neto E, Nasrala ML. Comparação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre homens e mulheres após revascularização do miocárdio. Rev Científica Hospital Santa Rosa. 2010;1:39-48.

25. Connerney I, Shapiro PA, McLaughlin JS, Bagiella E, Sloan RP. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12- month outcome: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358(9295):1766-71.

26. Lemos C. Associação entre depressão, ansiedade e qualidade de vida em pacientes que apresentam quadro de pós-infarto do miocárdio [Dissertação de Mestrado]. Porto Alegre: Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul; 2006. 79p.

27. Paim JS, Almeida Filho NA. A crise da saúde pública e a utopia da saúde coletiva. Salvador: Casa da Qualidade; 2000.

28. Gois CFL. Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, depressão e senso de coerência de pacientes, antes e seis meses após revascularização do miocárdio [Tese de Doutorado]. Ribeirão Preto: Programa de Pós-Graduação da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto; 2009. 94p.

REFERENCES

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global burden of coronary heart disease. In: Mackay J, Mensah G, eds. Atlas of heart disease and stroke. Geneve: WHO; 2004.

2. Ramires JAF, Chagas ACP. Panorama das doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil. In: Nobre F, Serrano CV, eds. Tratado de cardiologia SOCESP. São Paulo: Manole; 2005. p.7-46.

3. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. DATASUS [Acesso em: 12 jun. 2009]. Disponível em: http://www.datasus.gov.br/datasus/datasus.php

4. Jardim TS, Jardim PC, Araújo WE, Jardim LM, Salgado CM. Fatores de risco cardiovascular em coorte de profissionais da área médica: 15 anos de evolução. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(3):332-8. [MedLine]

5. Alves TCTF, Fraguas R, Wajngarten M. Depressão e infarto agudo do miocárdio. Rev Psiquiatr Clin. 2009;36(Suppl 3):88-92.

6. Blumenthal JA, Lett HS, Babyak MA, White W, Smith PK, Mark DB, et al; NORG Investigators. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet. 2003;362(9384):604-9. [MedLine]

7. Christmann M, Costa CC, Moussalle LD. Avaliação da qualidade de vida de vida de pacientes cardiopatas internados em hospital público. Rev AMRIGS. 2011;55(3):239-43.

8. Fleck MP. Avaliação de qualidade de vida. In: Fráguas Júnior R, Figueiró JAB, eds. Depressões em medicina interna e em outras condições médicas: depressões secundárias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2001. p.33-43.

9. Horsten M, Mittleman MA, Wamala SP, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Orth-Gomér K. Depressive symptoms and lack of social integration in relation to prognosis of CHD in middle-aged women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(13):1072-80. [MedLine]

10. Lespérance F, Freasure-Smith N. Depression in patients with cardiac disease: a practical review. J Psychosom. 2000;48(4-5):379-91.

11. Perez GH, Nicolau JC, Romano BW, Laranjeira R. Depressão e síndromes isquêmicas miocárdicas instáveis: diferenças entre homens e mulheres. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;85(5):319-22.

12. Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Gaiotto FA, Guimarães-Fernandes F. Estado atual da cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Rev Med. 2008;87(2):92-8.

13. Moreira AELC, Hueb WA, Soares PR, Meneghetti JC, Jorge MCP, Chalela WA, et al. Estudo comparativo entre os efeitos terapêuticos da revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio e angioplastia coronária em situações isquêmicas equivalentes: análise através da cintilografia do miocárdio com 99mTc-Sestamibi. Arq Bras Card. 2005;85(2):92-9.

14. Souza DSR, Gomes WJ. O futuro da veia safena como conduto na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(3):III-VII. [MedLine] View article

15. Nogueira CRSR. Avaliação comparativa da qualidade de vida em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica com e sem circulação extracorpórea no período de 12 meses [Tese de Doutorado]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina; 2008.

16. Nogueira IDB, Servantes DM, Nogueira PAMS, Pelcerman A, Salvetti XM, Salles F, et al. Correlação entre qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional na insuficiência cardíaca. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(2):238-43. [MedLine]

17. Seidl EMF, Zannon CML. Qualidade de vida e saúde: aspectos conceituais e metodológicos. Cad Saúde Pública. 2004;20(2):580-8. [MedLine]

18. Takiuti ME, Hueb W, Hiscock SB, Nogueira CRSR, Girardi P, Fernandes F, et al. Qualidade de vida após revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio, angioplastia ou tratamento clínico. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(5):537-44. [MedLine]

19. Wong MS, Chair SY. Changes in health-related quality of life following percutaneous coronary intervention: a longitudinal study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007;44(8):1334-42. [MedLine]

20. Carneiro AF, Mathias LAST, Rassi Júnior A, Morais NS, Gozzani JL. Avaliação da ansiedade e depressão no pré-operatório em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardíacos invasivos. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009;59(4):431-8. [MedLine]

21. Cunha JA. Manual da versão em português das escalas Beck. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo; 2001.

22. Brasil. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Salário mínimo. 2010 [Acesso em: 20 maio 2010]. Disponível em: http://www.portal.mte.gov.br/sal_min

23. Pinton FA, Carvalho CF, Miyazaki MCOS, Godoy MF. Depressão como fator de risco de morbidade imediata e tardia pós-revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2006;21(1):68-74. View article

24. Guedes AMA, Nascimento FT, Nasrala Neto E, Nasrala ML. Comparação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre homens e mulheres após revascularização do miocárdio. Rev Científica Hospital Santa Rosa. 2010;1:39-48.

25. Connerney I, Shapiro PA, McLaughlin JS, Bagiella E, Sloan RP. Relation between depression after coronary artery bypass surgery and 12- month outcome: a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358(9295):1766-71. [MedLine]

26. Lemos C. Associação entre depressão, ansiedade e qualidade de vida em pacientes que apresentam quadro de pós-infarto do miocárdio [Dissertação de Mestrado]. Porto Alegre: Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul; 2006. 79p.

27. Paim JS, Almeida Filho NA. A crise da saúde pública e a utopia da saúde coletiva. Salvador: Casa da Qualidade; 2000.

28. Gois CFL. Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, depressão e senso de coerência de pacientes, antes e seis meses após revascularização do miocárdio [Tese de Doutorado]. Ribeirão Preto: Programa de Pós-Graduação da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto; 2009. 94p.

Financial support: FAPEMA (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico do Maranhão).

Author's roles & responsibilities

JKVRS: Authorship and data analysis

JAFN: Advisor and reviewer

RMLS: Copyediting

VLXCC: Literature review and data analysis

FMAMS: Data collection

AFLTH: Paper review

ELCS: Data collection

LMCBR: Data collection

Article receive on Wednesday, May 29, 2013

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